william iii and mary ii

[29] Charles was unable to pay, but William agreed to reduce the amount owed to 1,800,000 guilders. [69], Many of Mary's proclamations focus on combating licentiousness, insobriety and vice. [82] In December 1689, one of the most important constitutional documents in English history, the Bill of Rights, was passed. [107], Mary II died of smallpox on 28 December 1694, leaving William III to rule alone. [102], William continued to absent himself from Britain for extended periods during his Nine Years' War (1688–1697) against France, leaving each spring and returning to England each autumn. The Sovereign was forbidden from suspending or dispensing with laws passed by Parliament, or imposing taxes without Parliamentary consent. This measure—which restated and confirmed many provisions of the earlier Declaration of Right—established restrictions on the royal prerogative; it declared, among other things, that the Sovereign could not suspend laws passed by Parliament, levy taxes without parliamentary consent, infringe the right to petition, raise a standing army during peacetime without parliamentary consent, deny the right to bear arms to Protestant subjects, unduly interfere with parliamentary elections, punish members of either House of Parliament for anything said during debates, require excessive bail, or inflict cruel or unusual punishments. [17] William begged De Witt to allow Zuylenstein to stay, but he refused. [7], William's mother showed little personal interest in her son, sometimes being absent for years, and had always deliberately kept herself apart from Dutch society. [73] He was allowed to leave for France in a second escape attempt on 23 December. In 1677, during the reign of his uncle King Charles II of England, Scotland, and Ireland, he married his cousin Mary, the fifteen-year-old daughter of Charles II's brother James, Duke of York. William was "William II" of Scotland, for there was only one previous Scottish king named, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders and Overijssel, Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland, Charles II of England, Scotland, and Ireland, King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland, Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, Protestant officers defected from the English army, Joseph Ferdinand, Electoral Prince of Bavaria, candidacy of several dozen people more closely related to Mary and Anne, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, Cultural depictions of William III of England, List of deserters from James II to William of Orange, "Act of Union 1707, the Revolution in Scotland", William Frederick, Prince of Nassau-Dietz, "De schuld van Willem III en zijn vrienden aan den moord der gebroeders de Witt", "BBC – History – Scottish History – Restoration and Revolution (II)", "BBC – History – British History in depth: The Jacobite Cause", "The Castle of Good Hope, oldest surviving colonial building in South Africa, is completed", Redefining William III. [43] This damaged his reputation in the same fashion as his later actions at Glencoe. [41] When Mary travelled to England after the New Year, she wrote of her "secret joy" at returning to her homeland, "but that was soon checked with the consideration of my father's misfortunes". [68] She was extremely devout, and attended prayers at least twice a day. [1] Although her mother bore eight children, all except Mary and her younger sister Anne died very young, and King Charles II had no legitimate children. [106] At the same time, the Grand Alliance fared poorly in Europe, as William lost Namur in the Spanish Netherlands in 1692, and the French under the command of the Duke of Luxembourg beat him badly at the Battle of Landen in 1693. Thus, he was the last patrilineal descendant of William I to be named stadtholder for the majority of the provinces. [4] Immediately, a conflict ensued between his mother and paternal grandmother, Amalia of Solms-Braunfels, over the name to be given to the infant. In 1696 the Dutch territory of Drenthe made William its Stadtholder. [46] William refused but obtained a special mandate from the States General to appoint all delegates in the States of these provinces anew. The Sovereign was required in his coronation oath to swear to maintain the Protestant religion. [83] In the early years of their reign, she was often seen as completely under the spell of her husband, but after she had temporarily governed alone during his absences abroad, she was portrayed as capable and confident. Mary, daughter of James II, was sent away aged 15 to the Netherlands to marry William, Prince of Orange. Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt and his uncle Cornelis de Graeff pushed the States of Holland to take charge of William's education and ensure that he would acquire the skills to serve in a future—though undetermined—state function; the States acted on 25 September 1660. [29] Mary's staff was dismissed and sent back to Britain. The ideal education for William was described in Discours sur la nourriture de S. H. Monseigneur le Prince d'Orange, a short treatise, perhaps by one of William's tutors, Constantijn Huygens. However, King Frederick I of Prussia also claimed the Principality as the senior cognatic heir, his mother Louise Henriette being Henriette Catherine's older sister. Furthermore, Mary, remaining loyal to her husband, refused. [22], Upon the death of Charles II without legitimate issue in February 1685, the Duke of York became king as James II in England and Ireland and James VII in Scotland. William and Louis XIV agreed to the First Partition Treaty (1698), which provided for the division of the Spanish Empire: Joseph Ferdinand, Electoral Prince of Bavaria, would obtain Spain, while France and the Holy Roman Emperor would divide the remaining territories between them. The five bastions were named after William III's titles: Orange, Nassau, Catzenellenbogen, Buuren and Leerdam. [83] William and Mary were offered the Scottish Crown; they accepted on 11 May. Seeing him as a friend, and often having maintained secret contacts with him for years, many English politicians began to urge an armed invasion of England. The danger was averted by placing distant relatives, the Protestant Hanoverians, in line. [b][3] Baptised William Henry (Dutch: Willem Hendrik), he was the only child of Mary, Princess Royal and stadtholder William II, Prince of Orange. [36] Louis XIV of France, believing the war was over, began negotiations to extract as large a sum of money from the Dutch as possible. [81], The Crown was not offered to James's infant son, who would have been the heir apparent under normal circumstances, but to William and Mary as joint sovereigns. [53][54], In December 1689, Parliament passed one of the most important constitutional documents in English history, the Bill of Rights. [76] William felt insecure about his position; though his wife preceded him in the line of succession to the throne, he wished to reign as king in his own right, rather than as a mere consort. He also gave a list of grievances of the English people and stated that his proposed expedition was for the sole purpose of having "a free and lawful Parliament assembled". [38] The next day, a special envoy from Charles II, Lord Arlington, met William in Nieuwerbrug and presented a proposal from Charles. James's attempts at rule by decree and the birth of his son, James Francis Edward, led to his deposition in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the adoption of the English Bill of Rights. France's annexations in the Southern Netherlands and Germany (the Réunion policy) and the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, caused a surge of Huguenot refugees to the Republic.

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