The German Board of Public Health in December 1918 claimed that 763,000 German civilians died from starvation and disease caused by the blockade up until the end of December 1918. Control ports were often very overcrowded, teleprinters constantly sending out cargo listings and manifests to be checked against import quota lists. Occupying a 'black earth' zone of seemingly inexhaustible thick humus, it produced 25% of Russia's wheat, and immense crops of rye, barley, oats, sugar beet, potatoes, sunflowers, flax, maize, tobacco and cotton. To help in the interim, Congress agreed to let Britain have a million mothballed First World War rifles, stored in grease with around fifty rounds of ammunition for each. In June 1944 the British finally secured access to the naval bases on the Azores, and the Allies thereafter threatened Portugal with economic sanctions. The US-led ⌊⌊⌊⌊M583⌋⌋⌋⌋ was launched during the United Nations Conference at ⌊⌊⌊⌊M584⌋⌋⌋⌋ in July 1944,⌊⌊⌊⌊M702⌋⌋⌋⌋ the same venue that prepared the ground for the modern World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF). Between Baku on the Caspian Sea and ⌊⌊⌊⌊M418⌋⌋⌋⌋ on the Black Sea lay the rich oilfields of Transcaucasia, while bordering Poland and Romania was the abundant 'Granary of Russia', Ukraine, about the size of France, ⌊⌊⌊⌊M34⌋⌋⌋⌋ of the most fertile agricultural land on earth. Their view, which many in America and the occupied countries supported, was that it was Germany's responsibility to feed and provide for the people she conquered,⌊⌊⌊⌊M104⌋⌋⌋⌋ and that the plan could not avoid indirectly helping Germany; if aid were given, this would free German goods for use elsewhere. The Russians also received 2.3 million tons of steel, 230,000 tons of aluminium, 2.6 million tons of petrol, 3.8 million tons of food and huge quantities of ammunition and explosives. The capital, Berlin, was also split into four zones. At Potsdam in 1945, the Big Three (the United States, Great Britain and the Soviet Union) agreed to ...read more, In 1949, the prospect of further Communist expansion prompted the United States and 11 other Western nations to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). It also allowed them to continue to ship high quality Swedish iron ore from the port of Narvik, the trade which Britain tried to prevent with ⌊⌊⌊⌊M365⌋⌋⌋⌋. Shirer recorded in his diary on 15 September that the blockade was already having a direct effect. [18] The food shortages got so bad that by the autumn of 1918, Austria-Hungary hijacked barges on the Danube full of Rumanian wheat bound for Germany, who in turn threatened military retaliation. On 12 November the battleship ⌊⌊⌊⌊M767⌋⌋⌋⌋ was sunk by RAF Tallboy bombs near Tromsø, Norway. ⌊⌊⌊⌊M142⌋⌋⌋⌋ Immediate steps were also taken towards the appropriation of the best of the conquered nation's food. Following the collapse of the Mussolini regime, thousands of escaped Allied ⌊⌊⌊⌊M488⌋⌋⌋⌋ were given sanctuary and the crews of damaged Allied bombers (both sides regularly invaded Swiss airspace) returning from raids over Germany often put down in Swiss territory and were allowed refuge. Spain supplied Britain with iron ore from the Bay of Biscay but, as a potential foe, she was a huge threat to British interests as she could easily restrict British naval access into the Mediterranean, either by shelling the Rock of Gibraltar or by allowing the Germans to lay siege to it from the mainland. German official statistics estimated 763,000 civilian malnutrition and disease deaths were caused by the blockade of Germany. In order to buy from abroad without credit or foreign exchange (cash), a nation needed goods or gold to offer, but the British export ban prevented her from raising revenue. It is considered one of the key elements in the eventual Allied victory in the war. The Allied strategy with Spain was identical to that of Portugal: buy enough tungsten to satisfy the export need and prevent the rest reaching the enemy by whatever means. Harris was known for his sharp tongue and lack of remorse for the German civilians being killed by the raids; one of his subordinates said of him. On 22 June 1941 Churchill proclaimed that Britain would bomb Germany night and day, in ever increasing numbers, but because of the size of Germany and because the fleet continued to be eroded by planes going overseas, Bomber Command remained too weak for effective attacks on the German war machine. It seems perfectly plausible to seek for the mediating connections between exposure to starvation (and the other torments caused by the blockade) and later fanatical and brutal behavior in commonly intelligible (though, of course, not thereby justifiable) human attitudes generated by the early experiences. In Holland, they also acquired a large, high tech tin smelter in Arnhem, though the British, foreseeing the seizure, restricted the supply of raw tin leading up to the invasion, so the amount gained was only around a sixth of a year's supply (2,500 tons) for Germany. The USSR took huge reparations from its zone in eastern Germany, but Britain, France and America tried to improve conditions in their zones. We have strong armies ready to advance at the shortest notice. Portugal also allowed Germany generous credit terms, partly because after the fall of France the presence of a direct land route enabled Germany to threaten Portugal with invasion if she curtailed critical exports. The San Demetrio of the title is a British merchant ship in an Atlantic convoy in 1940. Despite the humanitarian efforts, by late January 1942 between 1,700 and 2,000 men, women and children were dying in Athens and Piraeus each day, and Italy, which then occupied Greece, was forced to ship 10,000 tons of grain from her meagre domestic supplies, secretly to avoid unrest from her own people. However the collection of around 200 works, which includes medieval sculptures and masterpieces by ⌊⌊⌊⌊M485⌋⌋⌋⌋, ⌊⌊⌊⌊M486⌋⌋⌋⌋ and ⌊⌊⌊⌊M487⌋⌋⌋⌋ has been mired in controversy since the war because of the unclear provenance of some pieces, leading to the return of 13 paintings to the former French-Jewish owners or their families. ⌊⌊⌊⌊M194⌋⌋⌋⌋ In July 1940 Winston Churchill asked the Lord President (Neville Chamberlain) to define its structure and the document held at Kew CAB66/1 Extract 2 thereafter became known as the Charter of SOE.

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